Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay Example for Free

Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay Since ancient times, promoters of justice have brought into play rhetorical strategies to persuade their opponents. On April 16, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter regarding the criticism several clergymen made, stating that the movements of nonviolent resistance to racism from Dr. King were â€Å"unwise and untimely†. In this letter King uses several rhetorical strategies but mainly he makes use of 3. In the first one, King uses an outside authority (Religion), given the fact that he is trying to persuade Christians. Second, Dr.  King appeals to emotion (Ethos), he tries to appeal to their human and goodness side. Third, King employs analogies to emphasize his argument against racism. With these three rhetorical strategies he tries to persuade the clergymen to take action on the injustice that is upon Birmingham against the Negroes. As stated previously, outside authority was used by Dr. King to appeal the clergymen of the racism taking action. Religion has the power to move such an enormous amount of people and this has been proven since the dawn of time. He know that this man obey the laws of God, knowing this he mentions he came to Birmingham for a good reason by saying Just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. (King, 819) With this quote he is making a religious analogy to make the clergymen understand that he is there for a good cause, a cause that is as good as Apostle Paul’s. Later on the letter, King compared his actions with Jesus Christ’s when he was called an extremist. But though I was initially disappointed at being categorized as an extremist, as I continued to think about the matter I gradually gained a measure of satisfaction from the label. Was not Jesus an extremist for love? (826) This is also a religious analogy, and here he wants to deliver the message of peace by comparing his actions with the ones Jesus did. He wants to make the clergymen understand that the one they follow would have done the same. Subsequently, Dr. King employs the rhetorical strategy called Ethos, which means emotion. He uses this tactics to make the clergymen see that the ones they’re segregating are not less than any other human being; he tries to appeal to their good side. King says â€Å"Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation say waitâ€Å"(821) And he then proceeds to quote his son who says â€Å"Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean? To make a point; make him see what an innocent mind thinks and how it affects him. He then proceeds to say When you take a cross country drive and find it necessary to sleep night after night in the uncomfortable corners of your automobile because no motel will accept you; when you are humiliated day in day out by nagging signs reading â€Å"white† and â€Å"colored†; when your first name becomes â€Å"nigger† and your middle name becomes â€Å"boy† and your last name becomes â€Å"John†, and your wife and mother are never given the respected title â€Å"Mrs. Then you’ll understand why we find difficult to longer willing to wait. (King, 821-822) These are one of the most powerful words this letter has to offer, he emphasizes what a negroe has to suffer day by day. King mentions this to make the clergymen see what it feels like to be segregated, to make them see how unjust it is. Throughout the entire essay Dr. King uses analogies to make his argument sound stronger and emphasize it. Not only does he uses religious analogies he uses historical analogies and geographical. He compares the USA with Africa and Asia â€Å"The nations of Asia and Africa are moving with jetlike speed toward gaining †¦ independence, but we still creep at horse-and-buggy pace toward gaining a cup of coffee at a lunch counter. † (King, 821) he makes this analogy so they understand that other continents are already far beyond them, that this should have been dealt long ago. Later on he defends himself of the accusations of breaking the law for a good cause. He says â€Å"We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was legal and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was illegal. With this analogy he tries to let them know laws are not always correct and thus they have to be changes, and therefore the prohibition of segregation. In conclusion, King uses several rhetorical strategies to convince the clergymen that his actions are not â€Å"unwise and untimely† but the opposite. He gives them reasons to listen to him and convince them. The most important rhetorical strategies where religious appeal, emotion appeal and analogies. With this mix of rhetorical strategies he makes this letter one of the most important piece for the civil right movement.

Personal Essay - I Welcome the Challenge -- Personal Narrative, essay

I have learned a great many things from playing soccer. It has changed my entire outlook on and attitude toward life. Before my freshman year at Cool high school, I was shy, had low self-esteem and turned away from seemingly impossible challenges. Soccer has altered all of these qualities. On the first day of freshman practice, the team warmed up with a game of soccer. The players were split up and the game began. However, during the game, I noticed that I didn't' t run as hard as I could, nor did I try to evade my defender and get open. The fact of the matter is that I really did not want to receive the ball. I didn't' t want to be the one at fault if the play didn't' t succeed. I did not want the responsibility of helping the team because I was too afraid of making a mistake. That aspect...

Were the French Right to Execute Their King

Were the French Revolutionaries Right To Execute Their King? Over the years since the execution of Louis 16th there have been several different discussions as to whether it was right for the French revolutionaries to execute their king. There are a number of reasons to lead people to think that it was right that Louis 16th was beheaded by the blood stained blade of the guillotine. The defendants of the revolutionaries state that Louis 16th was a horrific traitor to the majority of his people. The first was that he believed in feudalism, â€Å"slavery and all sorts of things that were genuinely satanic. The French Revolution saw peasants in the third estate rebel against an extremely corrupt tax system that caused millions of deaths and years of famine. French society was organised into three estates. The first two estates (church and nobility) enjoyed great privileges. The third estate, which had no privileges had to pay all the taxes. This system was called â€Å"The Ancient Regim e. † The third estate consisted of ninety six percent of the population and the remaining four percent were the first and second estates. In 1700s the cost of living was rising fast but wages remained low.This, along with the corrupt tax system plunged the third estate deep into a huge economic crisis which left them fighting over scraps of food. There were also new ideas spreading in 1700s. For example the American Declaration of Independence in 1776 included ideas such as; all people are born equal, people have rights and the government should govern in the interests of the people. None of these were happening in France. Lastly, King Louis spent a lot of the money that he had collected from the third estate on luxuries.On the other hand, there are people with contrasting views who believe that the French king should not have been executed. There first and most important argument is that Louis did ask the first and second estates to pay taxes but they refused. As a result it was not his fault that the third estate was charged heavy taxes and subsequently not his fault that the first and second estates were not taxed. Another argument is that the French government was in a great amount of debt (mainly because of the wars in Canada). As a result Louis had no other choice but to raise taxes.Also, Louis was not the person responsible for spending a lot of the money, his wife Marie Antoinette was. She splashed money on numerous extremely expensive items such necklaces, rings and several other items. In conclusion, I think that the French revolutionists were right to execute their king mainly because Louis taxed the extremely poor but did not tax the rich. This was exceptionally cruel and corrupt. Also, the king let his wife, Marie Antoinette spend lots of money that was collected from tax that should have gone towards the French government and the overall maintenance of the country.

Dire Predictions Understanding Climate Change - 906 Words

The first chapter of Dire Predictions: Understanding Global warming, covers the general causes and effects of climate change. It also goes into ways of predicting climate change as well. There are both natural and human impacts on global climate change. The main natural causes of climate change are the sun, volcanic eruptions, and the earths orbit. The main human impacts are increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, in particular carbon-dioxide, which leads to a warming of the lower atmosphere. Along with greenhouse gases, there are secondary human impacts on global climate change, in particularly industrial aerosols. This chapter explains that although natural impacts on climate change have been mainly responsible for climate change in past centuries, in the decades following the industrial revolution human causes have had an increasing impact. This impact has now reached a point where human causes are attributed with the major climate changes in recent decades. The text explai ns that while it is clear that human factors are the main cause of major climate change in recent years, the predictions of future impacts and consequences of climate change are uncertain. The IPCC has multiple projections with likelihood ranging from virtually certain, 99 percent or greater probability, to exceptionally unlikely which is a 1 percent probability or less. Recent global warming is mostly due to the intensifying of the greenhouse effect. The green house effect occurs due to theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Dire Predictions: Global Warming1599 Words   |  7 PagesGeography November 29, 2010 Dire Predictions : Student Edition Chapter one of Dire Predictions Understanding Global Warming does exactly like the title says, it gives the reader the essential basics of understanding the Global Warming issue. Chapter one gives essential information covering a wide range of things including: the natural and human impacts on climate, definition of a greenhouse gas and how it affects temperature, positive and negative feedback loops, threatening human byproductsRead MoreAnalysis Of DonT Blame Hurricane Harvey And Irma1487 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals like Michael E. Mann believe that climate change is the problem; others like Alan Reynolds completely disagree. Michael E. Mann, author of the article It’s a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly, discusses why Hurricane Harvey was far deadlier due to the human cause of climate change. Alan Reynolds dismisses Mann s claim in his article Don t Blame Hurricane Irma and Harvey on Climate Change and insists that climate change is not the reason for the high impacts of bothRead MoreGlobal Warming Is Not Only Affecting The Earth1451 Words   |  6 PagesThe lives of seals are being threatened by the climate change that is happening throughout many arctic, antarctic regions, and other areas of the world. Due to climate change caused by global warming in the arctic and the antarctic regions, rapid ice loss has occurred, which is affecting seals at an alarming rate. â€Å"With the rapid ice loss in the arctic and antarctic regions, many subspecies of seals are currently racing against the ticking clock climate change.The worldwide status of seal populationRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Major Problem Of The 21 Century1209 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Earth s climate system continues to rapidly increase. Alaska has encountered the most unfavorable impacts from global warming than anyplace else in the United States. The government has taken several precautions to ensure that we are not only informed about the issue but to also en sure that we take the necessary steps to help reduce the effects of global warming on our environment. In this essay will be analyzed the liberal and conservative views on President Obama’s climate message to AlaskaRead MoreGenetically Modified Food Aid From The United States Essay1546 Words   |  7 Pagesimbalance. After elaborate debates and extensive deliberations about genetically modified organisms at the conference, Lesotho’s final position is the following: Lesotho has chosen to accept Genetically modified corn in its whole form with the understanding that the United States will provide resources and assistance to mill the corn within Lesotho. The European Union has promised to uphold trade agreements with Lesotho unless the possible event of transgenic contamination occurs. The United StatesRead MoreThe Issue With Global Warming2241 Words   |  9 PagesHannah Rupp Ms. Clemson Honors English 9 4 June 2014 The Issue with Global Warming Since the 1980’s, climate scientists have constantly been telling the public that their actions were determining the Earth’s demise. They say that the polar ice caps are melting, sea levels are rising, and 1,700 coastal cities will be underwater by 2100 (Struss). And the public believes them. Little do they know that these alarmists are mistaken. Ice levels are growing, not shrinking. In fact, in May 2014, AntarcticRead MoreClimate Change Is A Growing Concern1890 Words   |  8 PagesClimate change is a growing concern in today’s world. We often hear about worldwide temperature rises, and how they are caused by pollution. We are warned about some of the potentially catastrophic consequences of rising temperatures in the future. However, climate change has already begun to occur. (NASA, â€Å"Climate Change Effects: The consequences of Climate Change†). Therefore, there is significantly more talk about solutions to climate change. These solutions will reduce the causes of climate changeRead MoreThe Effect Of Extra Co2 On The Atmosphere On Water Acidity And Temperature1796 Words   |  8 PagesGreenhouse Effect† bottle compared to the â€Å"Greenhouse effect† bottle. The â€Å"Enhanced Greenhouse Effect† bottle’s water also showed a decrease in pH, while the â€Å"Greenhouse effect† bottle had no change in pH. While the sample data from the experiment showed no real difference between the two bottles, there was still a change. If this experiment was done a larger scale, the findings from such an experiment may provide more promising results, with significantly larger numbers to investigate further. Introduction:Read MorePrevalence, Causes and Impacts of Global Warming Essay2501 Words   |  11 Pages2000: 9876). James Hansen ended his testimony by stating that if temperatures continue to rise, the planet would face disastrous global climate changes that could cause tremendous amount of harm to our planet (Hansen 2000: 9876). Based on the analysis of scientific literature, it is acceptable to say that James Hansen’s words were not taken seriously and his predictions are slowly coming true. This research analysis will anatomize the prevalence, causes, and impacts of global warming. More importantlyRead MoreLa Brea Tar Pits2573 Words   |  11 Pagesrecovered under the supervision of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, established at Exposition Park in 1913. Among the Pleistocene fossils found and put on display: mammoths, mastodons, saber-toothed cats, the giant ground sloth and dire wolf, the California lion, weighing over a thousand pounds, the ground st ork, the golden eagle (800 of these) and one solitary human, a female named the La Brea Woman. The Saber-Tooth Tiger Perhaps the most iconic of these finds is that of the

Persepolis Was Set In Iran, During The Islamic Revolution

Persepolis was set in Iran, during the Islamic Revolution in the 1979. A reason why this graphic novel was created was so the narrator could talk about her experience on how it was to live in a community that constantly tried oppressing people. Islamic Revolution not only brought pain and sadness in a community but it ruined the personality of the citizens. The purpose of the Islamic Revolution was an attempt to alter the beliefs of other forcefully with the threat of getting killed or getting tortured to death. Even with these threats the narrator was outspoken to the point her parents feared for her safety. This leads me to say that the Islamic Revolution had a huge impact on the life of the narrator to the point where she wrote a†¦show more content†¦Marjane was very proud of her mom making it on the newspaper, but she did not understand that her mom was very scared because she appeared on the Newspaper in Iran. She was frightened that her oppressors would find her and m urder her to the point where she died her hair blond and wore dark shades for a while. The narrator failed to realize that her mom could be killed at any moment if her oppressors knew she was fighting for freedom. Marjane’s great grandfather did not approve people being oppressed. To start off the emperor that was overthrown from his seat of throne was the narrator Grandpa’s father The emperor was never known for being a good emperor. He would do things for his own selfish reasons, he even elected his son to be the prime minister because he did not want his son to be the next emperor. As Sartrapi grandpa became the prime minister he started to teach himself about Europe and what is going on there. He learned that people are condemned to their social class, so he came a communist. A communist is a person who supports his or belief and in this case he believed people should not be condemned to their social class. Due to his belief he was sent to prison multiple of times, and left in terrible condition while in the prison. The narrator was in shock about her family history, and wanted to have an understanding on how it felt to be in her grandpa’s position. She decided to take a bath to have a slightShow MoreRelatedMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis Story1487 Words   |  6 PagesMarjane Satrapi’s Persepolis tells the story of her life as a young girl in Iran during the Islamic Revolution. Satrapi’s story is told through an autobiographical graphic novel which is revolutionary because such stories are often told through more common mediums such as Television interviews and text based novels; this difference helps to set Persepolis apart from other works about revolutionary Iran. The Persian people have been largely dehumanized by mass media in a post September 11th societyRead MoreThe Between Iran And The United States1075 Words   |  5 Pagesin which fear was your closest companion. This is the basic concept explored by Marjane Satrapi in her autobiographical graphic fiction â€Å"Persepolis†. Satrapi focuses on her own struggles growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution and Iran’s war with Iraq. Both of these events help establish the setting and create an intensely high cultural climate. â€Å"Persepolis† is centered on Iran’s cultural distinctions and offers a symbolic glimpse into American freedom. When compared, Iran and the UnitedRead MorePersepolis Essay820 Words   |  4 Pagesinterpretation of the word within suggests we look at how one character silences another character in a text. For example: How are secularists silenced by the Islamic Revolutionists in Persepolis? The autobiographical graphic novel, Persepolis written by Marjane Satrapi opens up with the chapter The Veil, in 1980 in Iran, when the revolution has began. Marjane is 10 years old forced to wear a veil as a school girl. Where did you find this page reference Why is this relevant ? does it play aRead MoreWomen and Rebellion in Graphic Novels1478 Words   |  6 Pagessentences on a page are highlighted when set to a graphic novel’s illustration, and graphic novels can connect deeply with the reader through images of war and suffering, such as in the graphic novels Persepolis and Fables. Marjane Satrapi’s autobiography Persepolis takes place in Tehran, Iran during and after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, during which the people of Iran overthrew Mohammad Reza Pah-lavi, known simply as â€Å"the Shah.† The Islamic Regime was founded in its wake, and Marjane spent herRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1646 Words   |  7 Pages Marjane Satrapi’s graphic novel Persepolis is an expressive memoir of her growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution, the fall of the Shah’s regime and the Iran-Iraq War. Unlike conventional memoirs, she uses the black-and-white comic book form to find her identity through politics and her personal experiences in Iran and it has become effective and relevant in today’s society because she is a normal person that has had to live through extreme circumstances. Marjane has contributed to a wholeRead MoreHow and Why Is a Social Group Represented in a Particular Way? Persepolis1442 Words   |  6 PagesOu tline: * Show how Marjane Satrapi grew up under oppression during the Islamic Revolution in Iran. * Give and explain evidence of how the author presents that different social groups were marginalized/silenced. * Show how Marji and her parents shared the same beliefs when making reference to the regime.    The graphic novel Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi, explores her childhood years in the middle of the Islamic Revolution. Situated in the commotion of the overthrowing of the Shahs regimeRead MoreHow and Why Is a Social Group Represented in a Particular Way? Persepolis1429 Words   |  6 PagesOutline: * Show how Marjane Satrapi grew up under oppression during the Islamic Revolution in Iran. * Give and explain evidence of how the author presents that different social groups were marginalized/silenced. * Show how Marji and her parents shared the same beliefs when making reference to the regime.    The graphic novel Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi, explores her childhood years in the middle of the Islamic Revolution. Situated in the commotion of the overthrowing of the Shahs regimeRead MorePersepolis and the Iranian Revolution2467 Words   |  10 PagesProject 2,421 words Persepolis and the Iranian Revolution Persepolis was made in 2007. The film is based on the graphic novel of the same name. Persepolis is directed by Marjane Satrapi. The story is derived from her own personal experiences growing up during the Iranian Revolution (also called the Islamic Revolution) in Tehran, Iran. Included will be an in-depth analysis of the factors that caused the Revolution as well as an accounting of conditions in Iran during that era. A brief comparisonRead MoreCultural Acceptance in Marjane Satrapis Persepolis1616 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Whitfield Logan English 102 Ighade 4-7-14 Cultural Acceptance in Persepolis Marjane Satrapi‘s graphic novel Persepolis  is an  autobiography that  depicts her childhood up to her early adult years in  Iran  during and after the  Islamic revolution.  Throughout the novel Satrapi incorporates character development, religion, and the conflict of freedom vs. confinement in order to develop a greater appreciation between two opposing eastern and western cultures. When analyzing the current relationshipRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Complete Persepolis 2283 Words   |  10 PagesComplete Persepolis, it is clearly seen that when a standard is set for women’s attire, restrictions of other freedoms come along with it. Throughout the book, the author, Marjane Satrapi, recounts her life in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979, and the difficulties she encountered. She struggled with restricted freedoms, strict religious rule, and a sense of statelessness. In the opening illustrations, she describes her childhood and her transition from a secular school to one that was religious

Nikes Mission is to Bring Inspiration and Innovation to...

This paper will discuss Nike, Inc., a publicly traded corporation within the sporting goods industry. It will identify two segments of the general environment that would rank the highest in their influence on Nike, Inc. as well as assess how these segments affect Nike, Inc. and the sporting goods industry in which it operates. In addition, two of the five forces of competition discussed in the text will be identified based on an analysis of which two are the most significant for Nike, Inc. How well Nike, Inc. has addressed these two forces in the most recent past will be discussed as well as how Nike, Inc. might improve their ability to address these forces successfully in the near future. As the paper progresses opinions will be stated†¦show more content†¦They do not discriminate or target specific groups. With that being said, the demographic segment plays a major role in the general environment of Nike, Inc. and it is important for Nike, Inc. to best identify what thei r customers need based on a wide range of demographic factors. The demographic segment consists of population size, age structure, geographic distribution, ethnic mix and income distribution. (Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2013). It is important for Nike, Inc. as well as every other corporation within the sporting goods industry to understand their customers and potential customers. Nike, Inc. is a company that sells its products directly to the end user. Who their target market is as it relates to their income bracket, occupation, age, geographic location and overall lifestyle (what do they do for fun, hobbies, recreational activities) is what Nike, Inc. needs to know in order to develop their products as well as their advertisements and is what can greatly influence their business strategy. It is through these demographic and sociocultural segments that Nike, Inc. can make changes to their current products and also better match what their customers need. Demographic information can also greatly influence how Nike, Inc. markets to its customer base. For example, it is important for Nike, Inc. to understand geographic distribution for the mere fact that different geographical locations around the world support different sportsShow MoreRelatedMission Statements : A Mission Statement Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluating Mission Statements Most successful companies have a mission statement. But, why is it important for a company to develop a mission statement? The purpose of the mission statement is to describe what a business provides and to whom they are providing for. A company’s mission statement is usually developed by those in upper management positions, the top leaders of the company. The mission statement is concise and it is used to communicate to the company’s customers, employees, and toRead MoreNike vs Adidas1039 Words   |  5 Pagesand Starter.[13] Mission and vision nike Nike’s mission statement is what they, as a company, would like to achieve. Nike’s vision is how Nike wishes to achieve their mission. Nike’s mission statement is â€Å"to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. If you have a body, you are an athlete† (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_mission_statement_of_Nike). Nike works toward succeeding this mission, by br inging sport to everyone, athlete and non-athletes, as â€Å"the world s #1 shoemaker†Read MoreNikes Approach To Compete International Case Study1234 Words   |  5 PagesNike’s Approach to Compete Internationally Nike’s founders, Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight started a shoe business named â€Å"Blue Ribbon Sports†, in 1962, at that time they were distributing running shoes for a company in Japan. (Nike, 2015). One could say they were ahead of their time and true visionaries; moreover, they were doing business with a foreign country and would soon branch out to Asia. They designed and tested their shoes in America; however, they soon realized the value in overseas manufacturingRead MoreMission Statement Of Home Depot, Inc.1258 Words   |  6 Pagesof the most important things an organization can and must do is have an effective mission statement. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the mission statements of Home Depot, Inc. and Nike, Inc. The first step is to give a brief history of each company and the clients they serve. Next, review each company’s mission statement and evaluate them based on a few criterions. For example, the relevance of the mission statement to the organization’s customers, their needs, is it realistic, is it clearRead MoreNike Inc. Case Study2161 Words   |  9 Pagescompetitive global economy. Operations management, often abbreviated in the business world as OM, is defined as â€Å"...the set of activities that creates value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs (Heizer and Render, p. 4).† Every day, factories take in raw materials and use the labor hours and skills of their employees to transform those same materials into a variety of consumer products, as quickly as is possible to turn out a high-quality product. One of the leading firmsRead MoreNike Inc. : The World s Leading Athletic Footwear, Apparel And Equipment Company894 Words   |  4 Pages Nike Inc. is the world’s leading athletic footwear, apparel and equipment company. Nike’s mission statement, â€Å"bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. If you have a body, you a re an athlete† (Nike, 2016). Nike’s mission statement relates to every human on this earth regardless of size or shape. The two goals of Nike Inc. are to serve and inspire the athlete and to reach a large audience (Nike CR Report, 2014). Nike has done an incredible job meeting these two goals becauseRead MoreNike Case Study1112 Words   |  5 PagesStudy- Nike 1. Discuss how Nikes growth can be attributed to its targeting of diverse market global segments. In the 1960’s Nike was only making running shoes. At this point in time not many people knew of Nike or the Nike swoosh. In order to increase brand awareness, they started paying athletes to wear their shoes. However, very soon Nike learnt that in order to be a global brand they needed to appeal to different market segments, not just athletes. Hence, they then decided to tap moreRead MoreNike Case Study1104 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study- Nike 1. Discuss how Nikes growth can be attributed to its targeting of diverse market global segments. In the 1960’s Nike was only making running shoes. At this point in time not many people knew of Nike or the Nike swoosh. In order to increase brand awareness, they started paying athletes to wear their shoes. However, very soon Nike learnt that in order to be a global brand they needed to appeal to different market segments, not just athletes. Hence, they then decided to tap moreRead More Nike- Huma Resources Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pagessports and fitness company. The Pacific Northwest is Nikes hometown but like so many ambitious souls, they have expanded their horizons to every part of the world. Nike has two headquarters; it’s World Headquarters in Oregon and its European Headquarters in The Netherlands. Those two running geeks are Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight. The long lived business partnership began in 1962 as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS). Their first year sales were $8,000 and every year after proceeded to increase. In 1972 they changedRead MoreHow Globalization And Technology Changes Have Impacted The Corporation You Researched1233 Words   |  5 Pagesreinvent athletic footwear. They wanted to improve upon one pair of running shoes called Onitsuka Tiger. Nike were more than distributors; they joined forces to design ideas and create better footwear (Vogel Garcia, 2012). The beginning of Nike’s innovation stirred up a creative vision for a company with more than globalization and technology. The company decided to embed sustainability with finance and product teams taking a greater role in the development process. Later, labor practices in factories

Business Research Proposal Large Multinational Organizations

Question: Describe about the Business Research Proposal for Large Multinational Organizations. Answer: Introduction This research proposal will develop a broad understanding of the research topic, the role of the contemporary HRM practices in the effective management of virtual team working in the large multinational organizations, such as Telstra and Fosters Group. The research will be conducted on the relevant research topic through the detailed discussions on different parts including literature review, research questions and objectives, research methodology, sampling procedure and data analysis method. The literature review part will review the challenges faced by these Australian multicultural firms in the virtual team management through several academic sources(Akhilesh, Sindhuja, andKahai, 2013). It will also evaluate the role of the contemporary practices in the virtual team working in these firms. Finally, the literature review part will discuss the recommendations for improving the effectiveness of virtual team working of these firms operating in the multi-cultural environments. The rese arch methodology part of this research proposal includes different research strategies and methods such as research philosophies, research approach, design, and data collection methods which enable to get significant information for effectively solving the problems regarding the research. This section aims to gain an in-depth understanding of HRM issues in multinational corporations (Sessler, and Imrey, 2015). Various articles have also been incorporated in the research in order to strike a balance between the topic and related data. This transparent methodology also enhances the quality of research, and its reliability by using multiple sources of evidences and observations. Literature Review Challenges in effective management of virtual teams in Cross-cultural environments In the views of Davenport (2010), it is reviewed that the multinational business firms, like Telstra, Globe International, and Fosters Grouphave been greatly focusing on Multi-cultural virtual team building for managing the business operations as well as human resource management activities across the different cultural business environments where these firms operate their businesses. The virtual teams are the group of the individuals or employee who work in the cross-cultural environments across the national boundaries. The global organizations, such as Telstra, Globe International, and Fosters Groupuse virtual teams to support the global corporate customer sales operations and post sales services through negotiating the customers effectively in the multicultural environments within the global contexts(Davenport, 2010). Due to the growing competitiveness and globalization challenges, the virtual teams represent the appropriate responses to the requirement for the time-to market, low cost and rapid solution to the organizational complexities and problems. Daimet. al(2012) states from their studies that the virtual team members share organizational vision, goals, purposes, and values by using the communication technologies. The virtual teams are cross-functional and combine the organizational best practices regardless of the geographical location. The management of these global business firms has been facing the complexities and challenges in the efficient management of the virtual team working in the cross-cultural environments while operating the business in the global context. These firms face complex challenges, such as lack of coordination, synergy, and trustworthiness among the cross-cultural virtual team members, communication breakdown due to cross-cultural variances, personal interests and unresolved conflicts among the cross-cultural virtual teams, time differences, and technological availability, facilitation of cross-cultural training, and language barriers and negotiating problems(Daim, Ha, Reutiman, Hughes, Pathak, Bynum, and Bhatla, 2012). According to Virtual Team Survey Report (2010), it is stated that one of the most fundamental challenges faced by these firms in the management of the virtual team working is building trust, cohesion, and collaboration among the virtual team members because the virtual teams are built virtually and dont require face to face interaction. The multinational companies, such as Telstra, Globe International and Fosters Group face the multicultural issues arise, politics/government legislation system, bureaucracy, cultural diversities, IT and logistics, language problems and communicational difficulties with time in the virtual team working across the different cultural environments(Virtual Team Survey Report, 2010). The management of these global firms has to manage the cross-cultural training for the virtual team members while appointing the virtual team members to the cross-cultural environments within the global business context. From the studies of Ebrahim, Ahmed, and Taha, (2009), it is reviewed that one of the most significant challenges faced by the senior management or team leaders is recruiting, selecting, and retaining the right candidates for the virtual teams having a good balance of the negotiation skills, interpersonal skills, technical skills, and representation skills. Inability to read the non-verbal cues and absence of collegiality are some critical challenges that the firm faces while managing the performance of the virtual team members across the different cultural backgrounds. The management of these firms face complexities and challenges in establishing rapport and trust among the cross-cultural virtual team members. The multicultural virtual teams have great potential for the misunderstanding, mistrust, and conflict which are exacerbated if the virtual team members are dispersed geographically in the different cultural environments and across the time zones(Ebrahim, Ahmed, and Taha, 2009). In the views of Coleman and Chatfield (2011), it is stated thatthe managements of the global firms, like Telstra, Globe International, and Fosters Groupface the complex problems in the management of virtual team working in facilitating them the cross-cultural training for improving their technical, interpersonal, and communication skills. The values, norms, actions, behaviours, attitudes and personal interests of the virtual team members suffer while transferring them at different geographical contexts. There are several complexities and challenges associated with the virtual team management, such as communicational barriers and trust critical, more time travelling, lack of face-to-face contracts and personal relationships, less time to build relationships and making judgements, harder to monitor and review the performances of the virtual team members, and increased focus on the trusted staff(Coleman and Chatfield, 2011). From the scholarly studies of Ali (2012), it is stated that the availability of the technology is a major barrier to the virtual team working because the current technological status shows that the virtual team members are technically feasible in the urban areas or main cities but they may have not access to new communication infrastructure, like ISDN, SAP by using the communication technologies especially in the rural areas. One another major problem that the global firms face in the virtual team management is negotiating problems caused due to language differences in the different areas of the geographical world. If the virtual team members speak different language that may create troubles in communicating with others(Ali, 2012). If the clear communication is not made with the clients or business parties that may create problems in the business dealings, such as customer orders, measurement, and negotiating prices. The managers and virtual team leaders face challenges in connecting the virtual team members and communicating across the networks negotiatively and effectively. Role of contemporary HRM in effective management of virtual team working in the Multinational Organizations, Apple and Microsoft From the statements of Chen and Huang (2009), it is identified that the contemporary HRM practices of the multinational organizations play significant roles in the efficient management of the virtual team functioning. The participative leadership style and good leadership qualities in the multinational organizations, such as IBM, Microsoft, and Apple are important to manage the performances of virtual teams working across the different cultures. The team leaders assign the roles, tasks, and responsibilities of the team members according to their skills, expertise, technology so that the good performance results could be achieved in the form of significant amount of sale from the good customer orders(Chen and Huang, 2009). The effective leadership qualities and managerial styles also orient the employees to give their best for the growth of the businesses of the firms in the different geographical markets. From the scholars researches of Walter and Andersen (2016) view that the contemporary practices, like the motivational theories are effective to enhance the confidence and job satisfaction of the employees to orient them to play different roles in the cross-cultural environments according to situations by using their skills, knowledge, and expertise for the benefits of the organizations. The multinational business firms, like Telstra, Globe International, and Fosters Groupprovide the cross-cultural training for enhancing the communication understanding, technological skills, negotiation or interpersonal skills of the virtual team members by reducing the language problems caused due to the geographical differences.The managerial competencies provide the firm strategic competitive advantage by managing the performances of the employees of virtual teams across the cultures (Walter and Andersen, 2016). The development of a transparent and motivating reward system is another contemporary issue motivating the performances of the employees of the virtual teams. An appropriate structure for the reward system contributes to the successful functioning of the virtual teams in the cross-cultural environments. From his academic studies of Reed, Fitzgerald and Bish, (2016)that the contemporary practices of the multinational organizations, such as goals-setting, clear objectives, assignment delegation, and awareness of the team progress also play major role in the effectiveness of the virtual team management in the multicultural environments. The mix of the skills and knowledge is effective to manage the performances of the virtual team working geographically. The alignment processes of these multinational firms are designed to match the skills and capabilities of the virtual team members. Reed, Fitzgerald and Bish also state that the employees of the virtual teams are allowed to participate in the knowledge sharing process to enhance their professional competences. Additionally, the visibility and accountability of the roles, tasks, and responsibilities of the virtual team members result into the better management of the virtual team working for the different cultural environments (Reed, Fi tzgerald, and Bish, 2016).The performance monitoring and evaluation process is also followed by the management in these multicultural organizations to track the progress of the team members against the set performance metrics in order to boost the performance management of the virtual team members. Recommendations for the effective HRM practices for virtual teams management for multinational organizations, Apple and Microsoft From the reviews of (Baruch and Lin, 2012), it is stated that the multinational organizations, like IBM, Apple can practice the effective human resource practices to enhance the effectiveness of the virtual team working. It will be effective for the virtual team leaders of these firms to provide the cross-cultural technological training for enhancing the technical skills of the team members. The use of communication technologies, such as extranets, social media networking sites, Skype, Team viewer, and video chatting will be effective to enhance the interaction among the virtual team members. The advanced IT and digital communication infrastructure will be effective to enhance communication among the employees for managing their performances across the culture (Baruch and Lin, 2012). From the researches of Chen and Huang (2009), it is stated that the virtual team leaders can motivate the virtual team members by using appropriate motivational theories that will assist the team leaders to enhance the performance level of the employees by facilitating them monetary (incentives, bonuses, allowances) and non-monetary benefits (promotion, performance appreciation, rewards, paid leaves). The democratic or participative management styles will effective for the better management of the performances of the virtual team working by allowing them to participating in the team meetings, professional events and knowledge sharing programs so that their morale, confidence level and knowledge could be enhanced to the great extent(Chen and Huang, 2009). From the statements ofBoldassarre (2015), it is reviewed that I twill be effective for the management or team leadersof these firms to appoint the right employees of the virtual teams to the right geographical location after determining the suitability to the employees job profile where the employees is well aware of the local cultures, heritages, regional language, and market conditions so that the profitable market could be created by generating auto sales through more customer orders. The effective human resource practices will also be effective for the team leaders in transforming the information and technological knowledge among the virtual team members. The availability of advanced technologies and measurement tools will be effective to drive innovation and creativity for the effective functioning of the virtual team members(Boldassarre, 2015). The use of performance measurement tools, such as benchmarking, balance score card method or 360 degree feedback will be effective to m easure the performance of the virtual team members by comparing with the performance criteria or standard performance measures so that the actual progress of the team members could be tracked. From the views of Algesheimer, Dholakia, andGur?u(2011), it is reviewed that the senior management or team leaders of the multinational firms should ensure that the virtual team members have clear understanding about the goals and objectives, roles and responsibilities, task requirements and interdependencies, and member expertise that will have a positive impact on their performances. The management should promote the use of videoconferencing and video calls over chatting and emails among the team members for enhancing the trust, coordination and interdependency among the team members. The management should foster change managementto adapt the performances of the employees to be more responsive to the external changes caused due to environmental forces and existing marketing conditions(Algesheimer, Dholakia, andGur?u, 2011). The management should use the project management system and tools for the effectiveness of the virtual team working. Research Methodology Research Philosophy In this research, research philosophy is of great importance in developing logical reasoning for collecting, analyzing and utilizing data in the research. The purpose of addressing research philosophy in this research is to reflect and implement the beliefs and assumptions of researcher. These beliefs and assumptions act as foundation for research strategies. The structure of research philosophy consists of positivism and interpretivism research philosophies (Youssef, and Youssef, 2016). The choice of research philosophy depends on the practical implications of the research. The positivism philosophy focuses mainly on factual information obtained through observations. In this philosophy, the work of researcher is limited to data collection only and human interests are not considered. On the other hand, the interpretivism philosophy allows the researchers to analyze and interpret every aspect of the research study (Hair et al., 2012). Unlike positivism philosophy, interpretivism also takes into account human interests in the research work. In concern to this research, interpretivism philosophy has been applied in order to improve the quality of research. The interpretivism philosophy is a naturalistic approach which is highly based on meaning and understanding rather than predictions. The reason behind using this philosophy in the research is that it is linked with the philosophical position of idealism, which is effective in putting all the different approaches in a group (Walter, and Andersen, 2016). Also, this research is requires subjective interpretation which can be best conducted by using interpretivism philosophy in order to maintain these interpretations as a part of scientific knowledge. Research Approach This is the effective part of the research methodology because it explains the reason for choosing the specific process of research. Research approach can be classified into two broad manners named inductive and deductive. Inductive approach is used to evaluate the detailed observation of information and also generated the theoretical concept associated with the problem. On the other side, a deductive approach is used to set the hypothesis formulation (Tarone, et al., 2013). On the basis of hypothesis formulation, researcher accepts or rejects the research process related to the research problem. For this dissertation, inductive approach is used by the researcher because of its subjective nature. Further, it is relevant to use the interpretivism philosophy. There is also no need to formulate the hypothesis. Hence, inductive research is applied by the researcher and deductive approach in not applied (Taylor, et al., 2015). Besides this, inductive approach will beused by the researcher in order to collect the large amount of information related to the Role of contemporary HRM in the effective management of virtual teams in multinational organizations such as Apple and Microsoft. This approach is also suitable to recognize the different beliefs and ideas, and also incorporate the ideas to conclude the findings (Mackey and Gass, 2015). Deductive approach is not used by the researcher because there is no need to prove the facts and figures with this research due to subjective nature of research. Research Design A Research Design defines the whole structure of a research. Through research design, a researcher gets the direction in understanding the research phenomenon for obtaining useful and reliable information. It helps the researcher in the planning process of research study and also assists in answering various questions related to research work. There are two types of research designs that can be used in the research namely, qualitative and quantitative research design (Reed et al., 2016). Quantitative research emphasizes on numerical data analysis using statistical tools and models. On the other hand, qualitative research enables the researcher to develop ideas and hypotheses for making the base for quantitative research. It takes the researcher into the depth of the problem in order to gain complete details and possible solutions. In this research, qualitative research has beenproposed because it is exploratory in nature. It provides the researcher the whole picture of the expectations from the research project. Moreover, qualitative approach helps the researcher in analyzing the human behaviour and the factors that affect such behaviour (Kumar, 2010). In this research, the researcher has maintained the objectivity and accuracyin order to fulfill research objectives successfully. Research Strategy The research strategy is effective for the researcher in order to evaluate the data collection ways by which research will be conducted. There is different research strategy that enables the researcher to make the appropriate and more reliable research results. These strategies are case study, literature review, survey, and focus group (Gast and Ledford, 2014). For this research, the researcher will use case study related to the team management in a multicultural environment in order to analyze the role of contemporary HRM in the effective management of virtual teams. Further, a case study is used to evaluate the specific research issues within the boundaries of organizations.Through this strategy, the research is enabled to analyze the past phenomenon associated with research issues (Panneerselvam, 2014). For this research, a descriptive case study is used by the researcher in order to describe the key phenomenon associated with the research. On the other side, a literature review is also used by the researcher in order to meet the research aim and objectives. In literature review analysis, the researcher is used different secondary sources such as journal articles, annual report, reference books, online sites and offline sources in order to obtain depth understandings. Because, it develops the theoretical understanding of the role of contemporary HRM and effective management of virtual teams hence, it is effective to get the reliable and valid result (Reynolds, et al., 2014). Additionally, these strategies is also facilitated the researcher to raise the trustworthiness and validity of the research result. Data Collection Method Data collection method is important to accomplish the research aim and objectives because this method enables the researcher to collect the facts and figures effectively and efficiently. There are two data collection methods are used by the researcher such as primary and secondary data collection method. Primary data is collected from the fresh and unused sources such as survey methods through questionnaire, interview, observation, and focus group. while, secondary data is collected from the second handed or existing sources such as case study, books, academic publications, journal articles, and online sites, offline sources such as newspapers, magazines, and annual report of the company (Merriam and Tisdell, 2015). For this research, apart from primary data collection method, secondary data collection method will be used in order to get the reliable and accurate result. This data is collected from the books, journal articles annual report of the apple and Microsoft, online websites, and offline sources. This data collection method is also effective because it takes less time and cost to obtain the facts and figures. Secondary data is incorporated into the literature review and case study in order to make reliable and valid research. Sampling Procedure The sampling method is used to select the sample from a large number of populations in order to get the feasible information. There are two sampling methods are used such as probability and non-probability methods. Probability method is used by the researcher to give equal chances to participants in the research. On the other non-probability sampling is alias non-random sampling because researcher does not give equal chances to participant in the research study (Mertens, 2014). For this research, non-probability sampling is used by the researcher because research topic is based on the subjective nature. In this type of sampling, sample group is selected by the researcher on the basis of their personal judgment and accessibilities. In the non-probability sampling, purposive sampling is used by the researcher because the researcher is used own judgment to choose the member of the population in order to accomplish the research objectives (Stanley, 2013). In this sampling, the researcher has believed that they can get the representative sampling through the sound judgment that will take the less time and cost. Further, research will use journal article as sample from last 10 years data i.e. sample size. Data Analysis Data analysis is the essential research methodology part because it facilitates the accurate and consistent outcome. There are different methods to analysis the data such as regression analysis, correlation, and content analysis. Content analysis is used in the qualitative research study. This analysis is based on three different approaches such as conventional, directed or summative. These approaches are used to interpret the meaning from the content of text information. For this research, the content analysis is used by the researcher to analysis the information in order to get the reliable and valid outcomes. This method is used because of its relevancy in interpretivism philosophy. Further, content analysis is used by the researcher because this research is based on the qualitative research study (Smith, 2015). Researcher defined the analytic procedures by using the each approach and techniques of content analysis in order to address the trustworthiness of research. Conclusion From the above research studies, it is finally studied that the multinational firms, such as Telstra, Globe International Limited, and Fosters Group face global challenges in the management of the virtual team working in the cross-cultural environments. Additionally, the research studies show that the contemporary HRM practices contribute to the virtual team management in these organizations. Several strategies were recommended to improve the performances of the virtual team members in the cross-cultural environments. The interpretivism research philosophy was used for enhancing the quality and effectiveness of the research. Along with this, the inductive research approach was used to obtain the large amount of information on the research topic. The qualitative and quantitative research designs were used in this research proposal to find the appropriate answers to the research questions raised during the research study. The research strategy was made by using the case studies and lit erature review part related to this topic. For this report, the non-probability sampling procedure was used which is based on the personal attitude, judgement and accessibility of the researcher. The secondary data collection sources were utilized by using the websites of Apple and Microsoft, research bools, journals, and articles. 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